![]() President Jimmy Carter, for the complete transfer of the Canal and the fourteen US army bases from the US to Panama by 1999 apart from granting the US a perpetual right of military intervention. On September 7, 1977, the Torrijos-Carter Treaties were signed by the Panamanian head of state Omar Torrijos and U.S. Twenty rioters were killed, and 500 other Panamanians were wounded. government over its long-term occupation of the Canal Zone. The JanuMartyrs' Day riots escalated tensions between the country and the U.S. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy's political hegemony. would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity." In 1914, the United States completed the existing 83 kilometers canal.įrom 1903 until 1968, Panama was a republic dominated by a commercially-oriented oligarchy. The treaty granted rights to the United States "as if it were sovereign" in a zone roughly 16 kilometres wide and 80 kilometres long. In November 1903, Panama proclaimed its independence and concluded the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty with the United States. The people of the isthmus made several attempts to secede and came close to success in 1840-1841, and again during the Thousand Days War of 1899-1902. In the first eighty years following independence from Spain, Panama was a department of Colombia. Panama, like most of Central America, gained independence from Spain in 1821. When Panama was colonized, the indigenous peoples who survived many diseases, massacres and enslavement of the conquest ultimately fled into the forest and nearby islands. A Real Audiencia (royal audiency) was a judicial district that functioned as an appeals court. In 1538 the Real Audiencia de Panama was established, initially with jurisdiction from Nicaragua to Cape Horn. ![]() The idea was to create an early unitary administrative organization similar to what later became Nueva España (now Mexico). In 1509, authority was granted to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa, to colonize the territories between the west side of the Gulf of Uraba to Cabo Gracias a Dios in present-day Honduras. A year later Christopher Columbus sailing south and eastward from Central America, explored Bocas del Toro, Veragua, the Chagres River and Porto Belo, which he christened (Beautiful Port). In 1501 Rodrigo de Bastidas was the first European to explore the isthmus of Panama sailing along the western coast. ![]()
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